Late 19th Century DBQ

There was great change in the late 19th century. Marxism took place and socialism gained ground. Paintings and drawings show these changes. The working and middle class people were the main groups effected by these changes. The changes of the late 19th century caused people's thoughts to change and for life to alter because of movements among the people. Socialism had the greatest effect on the European people due to the drastic thoughts and changes in society with the classes, and how people began to want more from their jobs than a low and unfair pay.

Carl Marx started out with wanting change in work. He wanted there to be a better pay for the work that was put out to create material objects sold to the public. He also felt that everything in the past happened to give reason and effect the causes of what goes on in the present and future. He also saw that women and children were not being treated equal to the men. They were not as important as men were in society. Women were material and were used as housekeepers and caretakers. Children were brought up a certain way by whichever gender they were. Young boys were brought up to be in the working class. Young girls were taught to tend to crops and fields as well as keep the house clean and make the meals. He did not consider this fair, and wanted his ideas to be heard and to take affect in society. A big change that came into affect was the increase in salaries at work as well as minimum wage coming about.

In Document 1, there is a scene of two women sitting on a train with a young boy sleeping next to them. They have their backs to all of the men in top hats who are all in conversation with one another. Women and children were obviously segregated away from the working class men and treated as inferiors. The women and small boy are not in any way of any importance to the working class sitting behind them. They are not of the working class, and instead are beneath it. However, this is not the most important part of the painting. The most important part is the idea that trains were being used as means of transportation. This was new. The train had not been used as transportation before. This was a new concept in the late 19th century.

In Document 2, the painting is set on a rainy day in town. There are people walking around under umbrellas getting to where they need to go. Society in the working/middle class had begun to change. Women walked around with men. A woman named Flora worked for this to happen. She had been considered illegitimate in France and had had all of her inheritance taken away from her. She was married to an abusive husband who, once divorced, was given full custody to their children. Flora worked for women's equality to come into affect. Urban life had taken a turn for the better.

Socialism really had a great affect on the urban society. People of the middle and working class were better off and now getting more money for their work. Women in the middle class were being respected by men. However, in the lower class, this was not the same. Women and children were considered inferior and of little importance. They were disregarded by the working and middle class. Marxism also played a big role in socialism. He caused people to think about what could be done to make their lives better. Socialism really did have the greatest affect on the thoughts of the people and how they acted around one another as well as their pay grade at work.

Candide Redo

Thesis: Pangloss's optimism is much better than Martin's pessimism because of how Pangloss positively affected Candide on his journeys around the world.

Outline:

Pangloss was a great person, with a kind heart, and a positive thinker.

• Pangloss was very optimistic and a philosopher as well.
  
  
• Pangloss taught Candide when he was young about thinking optimistically.
  
  
• Candide, the main character, always keeps his heart and mind open.
  
  
• Candide takes what Pangloss says to heart and remembers it for later reference.
  
  
• Candide was continually optimistic, even though his life was hard.
  
  
  Pangloss made great points about life throughout his travels and inspired Candide to remain optimistic even in times of great hardships.
  
  
• Pangloss said that everything that happens is the best it could be and there is no effect without a cause.
  
  
• Believed God made everything that happens happen in the best way it can be.
  
  
• Pangloss believed that optimism was key and that everything happened for a reason.
  
  
• He was banished from a castle, stabbed Cunegonde's brother, found the Golden City by mistake, and was reunited with his love at the end.
  
  Martin was an irksome person, who had a negative yet more realistic outlook on life. He caused turmoil between he and those around him.
  
  
• Martin was a pessimist and created a negative atmosphere.
  
  
• Martin was bluntly realistic compared to Pangloss's philosophy of optimism.
  
  
• He talked about rising above all the evil of the world to get to God.
  
  
• His pessimism irked Candide during their travels together.
  
  
• Martin keeps trying to dissolve Candide's hope of ever finding and marrying Cunegonde.
  
  
  However, Candide never gives up hope, and in the end through all the problems he's faced, he still manages to marry Cunegonde and live happily with her
  
  
• He befriended an elder woman who helped to reunite he and Cunegonde at the end.
  
  
• Everything that happened, happened for the best in his mind, which kept Candide going. He married the girl he loved and lived a good life.

FRQ

Contrast the political views, methods, successes, and failures of Cavour and Metternich.

Cavour and Metternich were both powerful people. Cavour was a leader in the Italian unification, and Metternich was an important diplomat. Both had great affects on people. Cavour and Metternich both were different people, but their achievements are the most prominent of their contrasts.

Cavour was a Liberal and founded the Italian Liberal Party. He was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia as well. He rose in his ranking in the government after being elected. Cavour caused Piedmont to gain in power throughout Italy and rise to the top. It had become a fantastic new power all throughout Europe. He and Garibaldi created an army known as the Red Shirts to fight for land they wanted. They won this land.

Metternich as a great diplomat of his time, was important before and throughout the Congress of Vienna. He had a goal to make peace in France and to regain order in Austria. He wanted to restabilize Austria after having been a part of the problem to begin with. He created a political equal standing with Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland. He was an important arguer for many years. Metternich considered himself to be a liberal.

Both achievements of their times were great. Both helped to create a better country, and to stabilize. However, Cavour and Metternich were different in their successes. Metternich was in Austria, Cavour was in Italy. Cavour won over the land he and Garibaldi wanted as well as brought Piedmont up to the top in government ranking. Metternich created peace in France and regained order and stability in Austria. This was their greatest contrast.

Outline Final Draft

• Definitions:
  Chiaroscuro-the distribution of light and shading/darkness in a picture/painting

  Sfumato- the gradual change of colors in a painting

  
  

  Thesis- Artists during the Italian Renaissance were exponentially more popular due to the change in style of art into a religious outlook, but the profession developed into a more exclusive occupation because of how the work became remarkably lifelike.

  
  Filippo Brunelleschi was a great beginning to an era of religious art work.

  • He was an architect and sculptor.
  • "a Florentine hero on account of the celebrated dome"(Web Gallery of Art)
  • Brunelleschi was trained as a goldsmith and greatly enjoyed it. (Life of an Artist)
  • Art work:
    Sacrifice of Isaac bronze relief
    Crucifix polychromed wood
    Dome of the Cathedral
  • Went from a geometric style to a rhythmic sculptural style (Web Gallery of Art)

  
  Donatello created masterpieces out of bronze and marble with religious background to them.

  • He sculpted bronze and marble
  • His earliest sculpture was of David.
  • His early sculptures were of a Gothic style
  • Works of art:
    Statue of David in marble
    Marzocco in stone
    St. Rossore in bronze

  
  Bertoldo di Giovanni created statues from mythological creatures and beings.

  • He was a pupil of Donatello
  • "The teacher of Michaelangelo since he was employed by Lorenzo de Medici, Il Magnifico"(Web Gallery of Art)
  • He was interested in classical sculpting
  • Art works:
    Arion bronze statue
    Bellerophon and Pegasus bronze statue
    Hercules with the Apple of Hesperides bronze statue
    
    

  Sandro Botticelli was a well known painter whose paintings were more religious, but the most well known was that of a Roman goddess.

  • He was an Italian painter
  • "His understanding of perspective and foreshortening, of architectural design and, indeed, of anatomy, were all that might have been expected of a man with such a background, but it is to the pure visual poetry of the outcome that he owes his fame"(Web Gallery of Art)
  • He experimented with pyramidal form
  • Did many works for Lorenzo Medici the Elder
    
  • Most notable painting was The Birth of Venus
  • The Adoration of the Magi gave him a great reputation for color, design, and composition(Life of an Artist)
  • Art works:
    The Virgin and the Child with Two Angels and the Young St. John the Baptist tempera on panel
    Adoration of the Magi tempera on panel
    St. Sebastian tempera on panek
    The Virgin and Child Enthroned
    The Birth of Venus

Vittore Carpaccio's art work were of story tales and legends.

• His main works of art were done between 1490 and 1519
  
• He was ranked among the masters of the Venetian Renaissance
• His early influences were Antonello da Messina and Giovanni Bellini (Vittore Carpaccio)
• "in later years Carpaccio appears to have been influenced by Cima da Conegliano" (Vittore Carpaccio)
• Did many paintings of the Virgin Mary
• Works of art:
  The Annunciation
  Holy Conversion
  St. George and the Dragon
  
  

Leonardo da Vinci's art was religious as well as realistic and precise.

• Considered the true Renaissance man
• He first worked in sculpture as a boy
• Apprentice to Andrea del Verocchio whose specialty was perspective (Museum of Science)
• Leonardo had a very picturesque was of drawing and painting.
• He used perspective and realistic techniques in his paintings which was different than what had been used then. (Museum of Science.)
• Chiaroscuro and sfumato are what he used a great deal to make his paintings and drawings so lifelike.
• His artwork was influenced by science(biology/anatomy) as well as dissections he made on dead human beings to make his art look so realistic
• The first piece he was ever paid to do was an altar piece for the chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio. (Web Gallery of Art)
• His first patron was Ludovico Sforza.
• Art works:
  Annunciation
  Virigin of the Rocks
  The Lady with the Ermine
  The Last Supper
  Michelangelo
  
• Painted the Sistine Chapel
• Worked in the Medici Gardens when he was younger
• At around the age of 16, he had already completed two great works of art: The Battle of the Centaurs and Madonna of the Stairs
• His high point in sculpting was when he created the statue of David.
• Works of Art
  David marble statue
  Sistene Chapel: Last Judgement, Genesis, Prophets, Sibyls, Iqnudi, Spandreis, Lunettes, Triangles, Medallions
  Madonna and the Child marble statue
  

Romanticism Free Response

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the enlightenment and romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?

The Romantic age came with many changes. They questioned God's authority, and how He affected humans and what they did. Romanticism changed the way people thought. It made people question the affect that God had over them, and what the reason for their talent and ideas were. Romanticism caused people to think outside the box and to become more in sync with the natural world and their emotions instead of keeping God as their reason for everything they did that was great.

Ludwig van Beethoven is an example of how everything changed and became more natural and emotional. He was a fantastic musician/music writer who's music is still listened to to this very day. Beethoven created a more emotional effect in his music. Instead of being very formal and straightforward, his music was more up and down and played with one's feelings. His music was not made for a religious figure or because he felt that God wanted him to. Beethoven wrote his music out of feelings and the want to create it.

Percy Shelley is another great example of the affect that Romanticism had on people. Shelley was a poet who poured emotion into his poetry. They were so dramatic, but created an affect like the poet was talking about them instead of himself. He married a woman and had a child with her. However, this marriage did not last because he fell in love with another and left his wife and child abandoned. Percy was the first to do what he really felt. He went where is emotions took him, even if it meant abandoning those who were his family. His poetry showed this passion he felt. Another like him was John Keats. Keats had lost his family at a fairly young age and knew how it felt to grieve. He went from being a surgeon who amputated extremities on people with no anesthetic, to a heartfelt poet. His poetry made him so much more interesting and gave him the affect of a troubled soul that was greatly alluring to those in his time because there were very few who were like this.

Edgar Allen Poe was a fantastic poet. His poetry created such a dark picture that dug deep into one's soul. He poured out his emotions that gave his poetry such imagistic qualities. All over the world people still read his poetry. This is because they can deeply connect to it and take personal experiences that can be related to his poetry.

Writers, poets, musicians, and artists of the Romantic age all created a great new era. They gave one reason to do things without a religious reason. The Romantics caused a great change that enveloped the entire world. They did not need a religious reason to create any kind of art, they did it because they wanted to and poured their emotion out into their work. This is why Romanticism greatly changed the relationship between human beings and the natural world along with their inner emotions and caused them to come out and be shown to the world through many different ways.

Free Response Industrial Revolution

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.

The Industrial Revolution was a great time period for Western Civilization. It created a much easier and more productive lifestyle, and gained a great deal of profit from it. However, the revolution also came along with different views. There were conservatives as well as liberalists. The conservative and liberal philosophies of the Industrial Revolution related greatly to the nationalism in Greece and Germany of that time because of how everyone was very in delved in their country and wanted it to be better.
The conservative philosophies mainly stayed the same throughout Western Europe. They did not want any change that would alter the status quo of the people. In France, people wanted to go back a step by staying at the Napoleonic stage, when they had freedom of the press, as well as the Napoleonic Laws. England wanted to stay the same as well. In Russia once Alexander died, people wanted change and thought that his brother Constantine would take over and change the conservativeness of Russia. However he did no such thing and instead handed over the throne to his brother Nicholas, who was very conservative. But before Alexander died, he became greatly paranoid and sent out secret services and set up more enforcements on the people to stay conservative. England stayed the same as well, and made very few changes to their philosophies.

The liberalists of the Industrial Revolution did quite the opposite. They wanted change and were going to work for it. In England when the Corn Law went into affect, people had a hard time affording any grains. But things would change some, and eventually the law would be revoked and the people could afford to buy grains again. In France, the emigrates came back to try and exterminate the Terror enthusiasts that had forced them to leave. They started a problem there that called for a change in the conservative philosophy as well. In Greece, the Ottoman Turks were being rebelled against. The Grecian people did not want them as their leaders anymore, which caused a problem in Britain because they thought that the revolution in Greece would spread into other countries. In Germany, there was a university that came up with a liberal thinkers group that made peaceful demonstrations about becoming a liberal country. However, when one of the members shot an important conservative, things became much stricter and they were watched over by the government very closely.

In Germany and Greece, the people were very proud of their country. However, there was a need for change in both. In Greece, they wanted to overthrow the Ottoman Turks who had been there for a long time and had controlled Greece. There was a mass killing on one of the islands that caused even greater turmoil there. In Germany, they controlled Austria and Poland. Austria was the greatest in terms of power and size over the rest of the countries. Because of this, Germany did not want to lose control over Austria, for fear of being attacked by them.

Both liberal and conservative philosophies were brought up and influenced by the Industrial Revolution. Conservatives did not want to change their ways and their status quo. However, the people did. They wanted the changes to be made and created demonstrations to show this yearn for change. In Greece, they got the Ottoman Turks to change. In Germany however, they did not change a great deal, and they kept hold of Austria. In the end, both liberal and conservative philosophies related to and competed against the Greek and German nationalism.