Henry VIII

In the beginning, Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon after his brother, Arthur died and left her widowed. However, the marriage did not take place quickly, because his parents did not pay off their payments for the marriage. They died before finishing paying, and then Henry and Catherine were finally able to be married. Then, later on they divorced so that Henry could go and marry a different woman. This reason for divorcing Catherine seems rather unjustified, but one may see it a different way, because of what life was like back then. Also, Henry making himself head of the Church of England makes sense too if one agrees with it being justified for him divorcing Catherine.

When Catherine and Henry got married, they tried to have children multiple times. Their first child was a son, who they named Henry after his father. However, after two months of life, the baby died. This would be the first tragedy of many when it came to trying to have children between Henry and Catherine. Then, his eye caught a different and much more promising face.

This girl Henry saw's name was Ann Boleyn. She was a vivacious girl who liked to flaunt what she had to the men and act a little promiscuous. Henry wanted Ann to be his mistress, but Ann refused man times. She wanted to be queen or nothing with him. Eventually it became too much for Henry to take, and he wanted a divorce so that he could marry Ann and have an heir instead of the children dying every time. However, the pope would not allow him to do such a thing, Henry sought to make himself leader of the Church of England, and succeeded.

However, Henry soon grew tired of Ann, and took a fancy for one of her ladies in waiting. Her name was Jane Seymour, and she was almost the exact opposite of Ann. Jane was quiet, prim, and listened and obeyed commands, unlike Ann, who had her own way of doing things. Another reason Henry wanted to get rid of Ann was that she had not produced a son for him, which they had fought about several times, but was becoming old. So to get Ann out of his hair, Henry charged her with committing adultery and treason, and later on was beheaded.

It seems that yes, King Henry VIII was justified in divorcing Catherine of Aragon. The yearn for a male heir was fervent back then, because of the men being more powerful in the world of government and politics. Because Catherine could not produce, it would only seem logical for Henry to divorce her, because he wanted a male heir, which is completely understandable, since she could not produce a child, male or female for him. It would also be logical for him to make himself the head of the Church of England, since the pope would not annul the marriage. So yes, both issues were logical and justified in a sense.

Website Primary Sources:

http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html

http://www.tudorhistory.org/henry8/

http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/tudor_4.htm

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa35#347

http://www.tudorhistory.org/boleyn/

Part 3

Richard III

My men in number

We can take Henry in slumber

My men he could never encumber

We surely do outnumber

I’ve locked in the tower the heirs to be the king

Now on my hand I wear that ring

To symbolize the power I bring

And the death that was given to the young childling

The War of the Roses was started by me

My father’s life taken early

My life just starting to be

The path I was going to take I began to see

This battle I fight won’t last too long

With all my men it will move right along

Hopefully the battle will not prolong

The journey to the throne where I obviously belong

Those men of Henry’s are much lesser than we

A victory for us is a guarantee

And kill the survivors for all to see

That death was their last and worst fee

Surrounded am I by my enemy’s men

Their once small army seems multiplied by ten

There’s nowhere to hide and no little den

To keep me safe like a skittish hen

I swing my battle axe round and round

For one last try before I hear the sound

Of my own life ending and falling to the ground

Tis a shame to me that I will never be crowned

Today by the enemy I’ve been slain

They surround me in circles and their necks are craned

Where the dead man’s lifeless body is lain

Richard III will ne’er come again.

Henry Tudor

Henry, the king so loyal

With a steadfast heart

Had even in turmoil

Stayed so grounded

Right-wise a king was he

So love-ed by his people

Keeping his land in tranquility

Was welcomed through all the land

He change-ed the land

And thanked by all

Welcome HenryTudor a man so grand

Who saved the people with his own hands

The innocent saved

Their lives were spared

By Henry who braved

The Battle of Bosworth Field for all the land

The man come back from an exile was he

Begotten with revenge the Henry came

To fight a war to forever be free

His life he wanted back so strong

A Monday to Henry was that to be

Lancaster lead by Lord Stanley to Newcastle they went

Sir William followed with the Cheshire army

To fight Richard the third they so strongly wanted

Several days are leapt to the one

That triumph cried for Henry’s brigade

That battle with less men they won

With more heart than Richard could ever dream of

Lord Stanley sat upon a right high hill

To see the enemy condensing down below him

He planned the strategy for the righteous kill

That day at Bosworth Field

Lord Strange had been captured

Prepared for his untimely death

His enemies around him they gathered

To see his life finished off for good

The battle had been won

Henry Tudor was back

The loud voice of the crowd cried ”King Henry” as one

And life was good once again

Navy Blue- http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

Red- http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad.html

Green- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_iii_king.shtml

Sky Blue- http://www.richard111.com/bosworth1.htm

Ann Boleyn

Ann Boleyn was born around 1501 sometime between late May and early June, most likely in Blickling. She is said to have had a sixth finger, many moles, large and small, as well as thick brown hair, brown eyes, and dark olive-toned skin. She had many affairs and relationships with noblemen. King Henry VIII was said to have wanted to have Ann as his mistress, but she refused. To her, it was his queen or not his at all. Eventually, she gave in, and was pregnant by December in 1532. She and Henry were secretly married as well later on. Queen Ann was executed on the charge of adultery on May 19.

Primary Sournce: http://www.tudorhistory.org/boleyn/

Picture:http://www.tudorhistory.org/boleyn/anneboleyn2.jpg

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine was born in Spain, and left for England at the age of 16. She was shipped to England to marry Henry VII of England's son, Arthur. They moved to Ludlow Castle near the Welsh border. She became pregnant soon after her marriage, with a daughter who was born prematurely and died at birth. Shortly after, she became pregnant with Prince Henry who also died, but 52 days after being born. Later on, her husband fell in love with Ann Boleyn, and Catherine had to renounce her roll as queen. She died later on at Kimbolton Castle.

http://tudorhistory.org/aragon/

picture- http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://leogirl1975.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/aragon.jpg&imgrefurl=http://leogirl1975.wordpress.com/2010/04/25/the-casting-of-catherine-of-aragon/&h=700&w=473&sz=32&tbnid=KiGAr6yj2uzdwM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcatherine%2Bof%2Baragon&zoom=1&q=catherine+of+aragon&hl=en&usg=__rg458FDacz5y8vxlso7tYvBQP-E=&sa=X&ei=Uc-gTJXxAoi2sAPx8cjVAQ&sqi=2&ved=0CC4Q9QEwAw

Part 2

Why did Shakespeare portray Richard III the way he did?

Shakespeare portrayed Richard III the way he did, because he got all of his information from a Tudor historian. Shakespeare portrayed Richard III as "as a deformed and ugly hunchback who would do anything to become king." Sir Thomas More made a deep impression on Shakespeare, which is also another reason he portrayed Richard III the way he did.

With regard to the history of Richard III, what is meant in the distinction between "Traditionalist" or "Revisionist" source? What is meant between the "Lancastrian" and "Ricardian"?

A traditionalist wants everything to remain the same as it was when their fathers' fathers were around. Traditionalists want everything to stay within the boundaries of tradition in their villages and kingdoms. A Revisionist wants things to change, and take different paths than the Traditionalist does. Richard III was obviously a revisionist. He wanted change in who was the king, and took drastic measures to make sure that he would become king. Lancastrian were on Henry Tudor's side, against Richard. A Ricardian, served under Richard III, some unwillingly forced to do so.

The first passage is definitely Lancastrian. The passage talked very disdainfully about Richard, and how he was violent and cruel to almost everyone. "This doone, Richerd, whose mynde partly was enflamyd with desire of usurping the kyngdom, partly was trubblyd by guyltynes of intent to commyt so haynous wickednes" explains partially how they portrayed him in the passage.

The second passage is certainly Ricardian. The writers gave Richard III more of a chance, instead of throwing him to the dogs the first chance they got. Even in the first sentence("With regard to the person of Richard, it appears to have been as much misrepresented as his actions") that was shown. They seem to take Richard's side more than being unbiased, however.

Part 1

King Henry V- ruled 1413-1422

Spent most of reign campaigning in France

Died and left crown to his infant son, Henry VI

King Henry VI- rules 1422-1461 & 1470-71

Crowned king of both France and England as an infant

King Edward IV- ruled 1461-1470& 1471-1485

Had ten children

Deafeated Langcastrians at Mortimor's Cross, which caused many future issues

King Edward V- ruled 1483

Declared illegitimate for the throne because his parents' marriage was illegal

Murdered sometime later creating a notorious unsolved murder mystery

King Richard III- ruled 1483-1485

Made Duke of Gloucester at age 9

Killed by Henry V at the battle of Bosworth Field

King Henry VII- ruled 1485-1509

First ruler from the Tudor line

Defeated Yorkist army at the battle of Bosworth Field

The Black Plague

At the end of the Black Plague, there was a redefinition of social statuses and roles in society, as well as political upheaval, after the death of over 25 million people total. The workers created the Ordinance of Laborers in 1349, because they wanted pay and housing for their work in the land owners' fields. Since the Plague had wiped out most of the people, the laborers could get almost anything they wanted from the land owners, because they were so desperate to have workers tend to the fields and animals. The workers also made it be that everyone was paid fairly and equally, instead of those who were paid great wages, and those who were paid little to nothing. This created a new sense of fairness between the two groups of people in England.

In France, there began an awful killing of knights and their families. The French common villagers came together without any armor but swords and knives, and cruelly tortured the knights, their families and then killed them all because of their belief of " how the noblemen of the realm of France, knights and squires, shamed the realm, and that it should be a great wealth to destroy them all." The common villagers would tie up the knight, then violate his wife and daughter, and then kill them all. After that, they would burn down the house and move on to the next house.

The Plague was believed to have been started by the Jews placing poison in the wells of the people. The people decided to kill and burn the Jews because of this accusation of them poisoning wells. The burning of the Jews took place from the Mediterranean to Germany. The only place they were safe was in Avignon, because the pope protected them. At first, other religious leaders would do the same, but they gave up and agreed to burn the Jews as well. It was a tragedy throughout Europe.

William Wallace

The Scots think that William Wallace was a committed man to maintaining the independence of Scotland and died for it.

They find him to be a guardian for "poor little Scotland" and a keeper of peace in Scotland.

The English, however, hated William, and considered him an outlaw and a cruel and insane man.

William was captured and to the English was given a painful and cruel, but deserved punishment; to be hung at the gallows, then dissected while still half alive, and then once dead, quartered.

The English felt no compassion towards a man who killed many innocent English people throughout his reign.

Short Questions

1. How did the Magna Carta change the relationship of the Monarch and his subjects?

The Magna Carta made the Monarch actually listen to his subjects instead of ignoring their opinions and only listening to his own thoughts. The Magna Carta in reality kept the Monarch's ego from gaining too much reign over his thoughts and actions.

2. Does the common conception of Richard as "good" and John as "bad" hold up in reality?

Yes it does, because John was cruel to his people and others. For example, he hung 28 hostages, and starved to death Willian de Braose's wife and son in a royal prison. He was a coward, and trusted no one, which also made him a bad king. Richard risked it all during battle, and bet on the most impossible odds, which made him famous as well as a great king in some ways, because he took chances and won.

3. What does the reign of Henry II suggest about the future of English foreign relations?

It suggested that there would be a lot of fighting over control, and who would have control. However, it would also suggest that English foreign relations would be mainly based on the rulers of the land instead of the people in the countries.

Herodotus

Julie Kraus

AP European History

Herodotus

From what I’ve heard, my great grandfather, Carmelo Carbone was born on February 9, 1889. He was married to my great grandmother, Domineca Bucca. Carmelo and Domineca were supposedly very poor, and did not have much to live off of. Carmelo’s family is not really heard of, but Domineca had seven other siblings, named Carmelo, Filepo, Maria, Salvatore, Bistiano, Antonino, and Giuseppe. Her parents were Giuseppe Bucca and Angelina De Pasquale. Life was harder for them, because they were not as well off as others in their time.

My mother told me that her grandparents both died young, but it is not known how they passed away. They came over from Sicily, Italy in 1916, and lived in Maryland. My mother also says that her father-who is the youngest of three-was sent off to live with relatives, because Carmelo could not afford three children, with Carmelo only making a dollar a day and their mother dead. I heard that my grandfather used to make dandelion wine and stomp grapes to make wine in the cellar when he was younger. That is so fascinating that they made their own wine, instead of just buying it.

While my grandfather was over living with his relatives, he would work in the fields to help out at the house. Because they were not wealthy, they had to make their own wine, and sell it. The grape stomping and making of the dandelion wine was just part of his work. From what I heard, when his father figure would return from work, he would stop at the butcher’s every day, and bring home fresh meat, like beef and steak. My grandfather has always loved steak, and that is most likely where he gets it from.

My mother told me that when my grandfather was younger, he used to sell newspapers on the corner. I also heard he used to shine shoes to help the family make a living. However, he did not live a happy childhood. He had to live with cousins instead of his father and brothers, and he lived with another boy around the same age as he, but they did not get along very well. My grandfather told me that one Christmas, he was given a toy truck by the family, but their son wanted the truck, and so they took it from my grandfather and gave it to the little boy.

There is not much that I know about my great grandmother’s side of the family. However, I hear that some of the Bucca family still resides in New Jersey. I do not know them, or where they live exactly, but I have heard they are on the northern side. They have not visited my closer family members since I have been alive. It is a shame, because I would have liked to learn more about who they are and what stories they have from when they were younger.

There were definitely more stories and information about the Carbone side of the family. They seem to have much more of a history. I personally love hearing the stories about my family, good or bad. They are so interesting, especially when they are about when the family was younger. Their lives really are fascinating, particularly because they are my family, and their history is part of my history.

Thucydides

Julie Kraus

AP European History

Thucydides

On February 9, 1889, Carmelo Carbone was born, in Barcellona Massina, Italy. About 6 years and 10 days later, his later to be wife, Domineca Bucca was born in Barcellona Massina, Italy as well. Carmelo’s parents are unknown, but Domineca’s parents were Giuseppe Bucca and Angelina De Pasquale. Domineca had seven other siblings; Carmelo, Filepo, Maria, Salvatore, Bistiano, Antonino, and Guiseppi. Carmelo’s family is unknown, but it is possible he did not know his family for too long.

Carmelo came over to the United States from Naples, Italy, in 1916. He served in World War I and became a United States citizen. He then briefly worked as a coal miner, earning $1 per day. Then, he returned to Italy in 1923. On June 9, 1923, Carmelo and Domineca were married in Barcellona. 1 month and 8 days later, Carmelo went back to the United States, on a ship called Colombo, and was dropped off at Ellis Island. At the time, he was 31 years old. On March 21, 1924, Domineca came over to the United States to reunite with her husband Carmelo. She sailed out of Naples on the Manifest for Duilio, to Ellis Island.

Carmelo and Domineca lived in Downtown Baltimore, not far from Little Italy. Carmelo worked for the city digging holes. He worked for about 40 years until he retired. Domineca worked as a seamstress. She made all of their clothes as well, which came in handy when times were tough. In Italy, Carmelo worked on a farm, farming grapes, olives, and eggplant, previous to coming over to the United States. That is most likely their reason for coming over here, because the pay was not enough and that they wanted a new and more opportunistic lifestyle, which are both acceptable and normal reasons for coming over.

Domineca gave birth to Lorenzo Francis, Joseph Dominick, and Salvatore Joseph. Lorenzo was born January 7^th, and died in 2008, on October 25^th; he was 82 years old. Joseph was born November 24, 1927, and is still alive today. Salvatore was born September 30^th, 1933, and is still alive today as well. Joseph married Betty Gossage, and they had Joanne and Donna Carbone. Joanne is married to Albert Alford and Donna is married to Charles Sanza. Salvatore married Martha Utz, and had Gina and Steven Carbone. Gina Carbone is married to Vernon Peter Kraus Jr. They have two children, Julie and Christopher Kraus.

All of this information has been recorded throughout the years within documents and in passport information as well. Their lives will be known throughout the world in record databases, even if people do not know who they are. The life of an Italian immigrant moving to a whole new world has changed drastically over the years due to technology advancing in wonderful ways. Their lives were tough, and like many others in their time, they had to work hard just to make it through the days. The normal life of an Italian family is never really the same.